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  <div class="section" id="routines">
<span id="id1"></span><h1>Routines<a class="headerlink" href="#routines" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>In this chapter routine docstrings are presented, grouped by functionality.
Many docstrings contain example code, which demonstrates basic usage
of the routine. The examples assume that NumPy is imported with:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A convenient way to execute examples is the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%doctest_mode</span></code> mode of
IPython, which allows for pasting of multi-line examples and preserves
indentation.</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-creation.html">Array creation routines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-creation.html#ones-and-zeros">Ones and zeros</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-creation.html#from-existing-data">From existing data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-creation.html#creating-record-arrays-numpy-rec">Creating record arrays (<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.rec</span></code>)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-creation.html#creating-character-arrays-numpy-char">Creating character arrays (<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.char</span></code>)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-creation.html#numerical-ranges">Numerical ranges</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-creation.html#building-matrices">Building matrices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-creation.html#the-matrix-class">The Matrix class</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-manipulation.html">Array manipulation routines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-manipulation.html#basic-operations">Basic operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-manipulation.html#changing-array-shape">Changing array shape</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-manipulation.html#changing-number-of-dimensions">Changing number of dimensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-manipulation.html#changing-kind-of-array">Changing kind of array</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-manipulation.html#joining-arrays">Joining arrays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-manipulation.html#splitting-arrays">Splitting arrays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-manipulation.html#tiling-arrays">Tiling arrays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-manipulation.html#adding-and-removing-elements">Adding and removing elements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.array-manipulation.html#rearranging-elements">Rearranging elements</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.bitwise.html#elementwise-bit-operations">Elementwise bit operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.bitwise.html#bit-packing">Bit packing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.bitwise.html#output-formatting">Output formatting</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.dual.html">Optionally Scipy-accelerated routines (<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.dual</span></code>)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.dual.html#linear-algebra">Linear algebra</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.fft.html">Discrete Fourier Transform (<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.fft</span></code>)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.fft.html#standard-ffts">Standard FFTs</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.fft.html#helper-routines">Helper routines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.fft.html#background-information">Background information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.fft.html#implementation-details">Implementation details</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.fft.html#real-and-hermitian-transforms">Real and Hermitian transforms</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.help.html">NumPy-specific help functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.help.html#finding-help">Finding help</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.indexing.html">Indexing routines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.indexing.html#generating-index-arrays">Generating index arrays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.indexing.html#indexing-like-operations">Indexing-like operations</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.io.html">Input and output</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.io.html#numpy-binary-files-npy-npz">NumPy binary files (NPY, NPZ)</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="routines.linalg.html">Linear algebra (<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.linalg</span></code>)</a><ul>
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